Topological insulators are an exceptional group of materials. Their interior acts as an insulator, but the surface conducts electricity extremely well. Scientists at The Technische Universität München now could measure this for the first time directly, with extremely high temporal resolution and at room temperature. In addition, they succeeded to influence the direction of the surface currents with a polarized laser beam ("Ultrafast helicity control of surface currents in topological insulators with near-unity fidelity"). 
Bismuth-selenide sample between two gold electrodes. (Image: Christoph Hohmann / NIM) About ten years ago, scientists discovered a group of materials called "topological insulators" with unusual properties. The interior acts as an insulator, but the top three nanometers conduct electricity better than average. The group of Professor Alexander Holleitner has succeeded for the first time, to measure this charge current with picosecond resolution at room temperature. They also made the sensational discovery that they can direct the current by the help of circularly polarized light. The best-known representatives of topological insulators are bismuth selenide or telluride. Scientists account a phenomenon of quantum physics for the exceptionally high conductivity of their surfaces. One observes that all electrons moving in the surface layers have a well-defined spin. Hereby, they differ "topologically" from electrons inside the material. The direction of the surface currents is directly linked with the electron spin. An electron with positive spin always flows in the opposite direction as an electron with negative spin. "The light polarization controls the direction of the photocurrents. This is very fascinating and it results from the coupling of the electron motion with its spin", says Alexander Holleitner. Current almost without resistance In conventional conductors backscattering of a part of the electrons, for example at defects in the material, results in a resistance. The electrons in topological insulators, however, are not stopped because of the fixed coupling of the spin and the electron direction. Thus the current flows nearly under ideal conditions. "Because of the suppressed backscattering of electrons, the energy consumption decreases. And this could be interesting, for example, for the use of these materials as semiconductors in high-performance data processing", explains first author Christoph Kastl, who carried out the experiments together with his colleague Christoph Karnetzky. Measurements at a picosecond timescale The Munich physicists use a unique measurement technique, with which they can detect very small electric currents directly and with a picosecond time-resolution. For the actual experiment, they contacted a topological insulator between two electrodes and excited the material with a polarized femtosecond laser. Having a special high-frequency circuit, the scientists could track in real time how the surface currents spread within picoseconds. The trick is to measure the surface photocurrents, while the coupling between electron spin and direction is still maintained. A few picoseconds later, additional currents start to flow inside the material, on which the polarization of the stimulating laser has no influence. Hereby, Holleitner and his group could directly explore the onset of such additional thermo-electric currents in a real-time fashion. Therefore, the experimental results are interesting for spintronic and thermo-electric circuits. The experiments are funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within DFG Projects 3324/8-1 of the SPP 1666 “topological insulator“ and the excellence cluster “Nanosystems Initiative Munich“ (NIM) and the European Science Council (ERC Grant „NanoREAL“).
Bismuth-selenide sample between two gold electrodes. (Image: Christoph Hohmann / NIM) About ten years ago, scientists discovered a group of materials called "topological insulators" with unusual properties. The interior acts as an insulator, but the top three nanometers conduct electricity better than average. The group of Professor Alexander Holleitner has succeeded for the first time, to measure this charge current with picosecond resolution at room temperature. They also made the sensational discovery that they can direct the current by the help of circularly polarized light. The best-known representatives of topological insulators are bismuth selenide or telluride. Scientists account a phenomenon of quantum physics for the exceptionally high conductivity of their surfaces. One observes that all electrons moving in the surface layers have a well-defined spin. Hereby, they differ "topologically" from electrons inside the material. The direction of the surface currents is directly linked with the electron spin. An electron with positive spin always flows in the opposite direction as an electron with negative spin. "The light polarization controls the direction of the photocurrents. This is very fascinating and it results from the coupling of the electron motion with its spin", says Alexander Holleitner. Current almost without resistance In conventional conductors backscattering of a part of the electrons, for example at defects in the material, results in a resistance. The electrons in topological insulators, however, are not stopped because of the fixed coupling of the spin and the electron direction. Thus the current flows nearly under ideal conditions. "Because of the suppressed backscattering of electrons, the energy consumption decreases. And this could be interesting, for example, for the use of these materials as semiconductors in high-performance data processing", explains first author Christoph Kastl, who carried out the experiments together with his colleague Christoph Karnetzky. Measurements at a picosecond timescale The Munich physicists use a unique measurement technique, with which they can detect very small electric currents directly and with a picosecond time-resolution. For the actual experiment, they contacted a topological insulator between two electrodes and excited the material with a polarized femtosecond laser. Having a special high-frequency circuit, the scientists could track in real time how the surface currents spread within picoseconds. The trick is to measure the surface photocurrents, while the coupling between electron spin and direction is still maintained. A few picoseconds later, additional currents start to flow inside the material, on which the polarization of the stimulating laser has no influence. Hereby, Holleitner and his group could directly explore the onset of such additional thermo-electric currents in a real-time fashion. Therefore, the experimental results are interesting for spintronic and thermo-electric circuits. The experiments are funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within DFG Projects 3324/8-1 of the SPP 1666 “topological insulator“ and the excellence cluster “Nanosystems Initiative Munich“ (NIM) and the European Science Council (ERC Grant „NanoREAL“).
3D image of the buckyball structure investigated. In the right picture the distribution of Cobalt is shown in orange. The measurements were performed at the Swiss Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institute using a method called phase tomography. As in other types of tomography, here x-rays are shone through the sample from different directions to give images from many perspectives. These images are combined using a computer program to give a 3D image. The method was demonstrated using a football-like structure called a “buckyball”, only 6 thousandths of a millimetre across, which was fabricated with the latest 3D laser technology. In addition to showing the shape of the object, the method allowed the scientists to pinpoint the locations of a specific chemical element (Cobalt) and deduce further information on the environment of its atoms. They made use of the fact that different elements interact differently with light of different energies, like different colours in visible light, allowing them to see the distribution of a specific element within the sample. Being able to distinguish different elements and their compounds on the nanometre scale in three dimensions is highly relevant in the development of novel electronic and magnetic parts or more efficient catalysts for the chemical industry.